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Hunchback · Gobbo

κυρτὸς, gibbosus, jorobado, bossu, Bucklige
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Ancient popular culture attributes to the hunchback a malignant and envious character (βάσκανος), but also a positive role as a catalyst for the envy of others. The widespread hunchback statuettes, often with a prominent phallic attribute, confirm this function, which appears to have continued in modern Mediterranean folklore. Other non-European cultures also present similar traits for the figure of the hunchback.

Auctores

A
Avere la gobba è segno di carattere maligno

[1] Ps.-Ar. Physiogn. 810b: ὅσοις δὲ τὸ μετάφρενον κυρτόν ἐστι σφόδρα οἵ τε ὦμοι πρὸς τὸ στῆθος συνηγμένοι, κακοήθεις·
[Quanti hanno la schiena molto gobba, e le spalle che si stringono verso il petto, sono di indole cattiva]

[2] Theocr. id. 5,43:
μὴ βάθιον τήνω πυγίσματος, ὑβέ, ταφείης
[possa essere tu seppellito non più a fondo di quell’inculata, jimmuso!]

Schol. in Theocr. id. 5,43: ὑβὸς ὁ κυρτὸς καὶ <ὑβὸν> τὸ ἄρρεν αἰδοῖον
[“jimmuso”: il ‘gobbo’; e “jimmu” è anche il pene].

[3] Ps.Polemon, Physiogn. 42
μετάφρενον κυρτὸν καὶ ὦμοι εἰς τὸ στῆθος ἐπικεκλασμένοι κακοήθη καὶ βάσκανον ἄνδρα σημαίνουσιν. εἰ δὲ καὶ τὸ σῶμα ἐπικεκλασμένον φαίνεται πρὸς τοῖς εἰρημένοις, κακότεχνον ἄνδρα κατηγορεῖ φθονερόν τε καὶ φιλάργυρον καὶ φειδωλόν.
[Schiena curva e spalle che si piegano verso il petto indicano un uomo malvagio e invidioso. Se anche il corpo, oltre alle spalle, appare piegato su se stesso, denuncia un uomo dalle cattive arti, invidioso e avido e avaro].

[4] Adamantius Jud. Phisiogn. 2,16
κυρτὸν ὁ φέρων μετάφρενον καὶ ὤμους εἰς τὸ στῆθος ἐπικεκλασμένους κακοήθης ἐστὶ καὶ βάσκανος·
[Chi ha una schiena curva, e spalle che si piegano su se stesse, è malvagio e indivioso]

[5] Anon. De physiogn. 58
Humeri enim fracti et impliciti incongruenter inhonesti.
[Spalle piegate e sconvenientemente curve sono segno di disonestà].

B
Vedere (toccare, avere con sé l’immagine di) un gobbo è di buon auspicio e allontana il malocchio

[1] Martial. 14,182:
Sigillum gibberi fictile
Ebrius haec fecit terris, puto, monstra Prometheus:
Saturnalicio lusit et ipse luto.
[Un sigillo d’argilla raffigurante un gobbo. Prometeo fece da ubriaco questo mostro: /anche lui ha voluto giocare col fango ai Saturnali].

[2] Suet. Dom. 23,2
Ipsum etiam Domitianum ferunt somniasse gibbam sibi pone cervicem auream enatam, pro certoque habuisse beatiorem post se laetioremque portendi rei publicae statum.
[Dicono anche che lo stesso Domiziano abbia sognato che una gobba d’oro gli venisse posta sulla nuca e fosse persuaso che ciò presagisse per lo Stato un periodo più felice e più prospero dopo la sua morte].

[3] Ael. Lamprid. Comm. Antonin. 11,2,1
Duos gibbos retortos in lance argentea [sibi] sinapi perfusos exhibuit eosdemque statim promovit ac
ditavit.
[Si fece servire su di un vassoio d’argento due gobbi contorti dopo averli farri cospargere di senape, dopo di che, seduta stante, li promosse a qualche carica e li colmò di ricchezze].
[4] Vita Aesopi (W)
(1) Ὁ κατὰ πάντα τὸν βίον γενόμενος βιωφελέστατος Αἴσωπος, ὁ λογομυθοποιός, τῇ μὲν τύχῃ γέγονε δοῦλος τῷ δὲ γένει Φρὺξ ἐξ Ἀμορίου τῆς Φρυγίας, κακοειδὴς μὲν εἰς ὑπερβολήν, προκέφαλος, κοντοδείρης, σιμός, μέλας, μυστάκων, προγάστωρ, γαλιάγκων, στρεβλός, ὑπόκυρτος, ἡμερινὸν ἁμάρτημα. […] (16) δύο δὲ παιδία ὑπὸ μητέρα ὄντα, ὡς εἶδον τὸν Αἴσωπον, ἀνέκραξαν καὶ κατεκρύβησαν. ὁ δὲ Αἴσωπος τῷ ἐμπόρῳ ἔφη “ἔχεις μου ἤδη τῆς ἐπαγγελίας ἀπόδειξιν, ὅτι κατὰ παιδίων προυνικῶν ἕτοιμον ὠνήσω μορμολύκιον.” ὁ δὲ γελάσας λέγει “Αἴσωπε, εἴσελθε εἰς τὸν ἐνδότερον τρίκλινον καὶ ἄσπασαι τοὺς συνδούλους σου.” εἰσελθὼν οὖν εὑρίσκει παῖδας καλλίστους καὶ ἀμώμους, καὶ ἀσπάζεται αὐτοὺς λέγων “χαίρετε, σύνδουλοι.” οἱ δὲ ὁμοφώνως εἶπον “σαπρόν, νὴ τὸν Ἥλιον. τί γέγονε τῷ δεσπότῃ, ὅτι τοιοῦτον [οὐδέποτε] κακοπινὲς ἠγόρακε σωμάτιον; πλὴν πρὸς βασκανίαν τοῦ σωματεμπορίου αὐτὸν ὠνήσατο.”
Esopo, il grande benefattore dell’umanità, il favolista, nacque per sorte schiavo, Frigio di stirpe, da Amorio di Frigia, repellente alla vista, schifoso, pancione, con la testa sporgente, camuso, gibboso, olivastro, bassotto, con i piedi piatti, corto di braccia, storto, gobbo, un aborto […] Due bambini che la madre stava imboccando non fecero in tempo a vedersi Esopo davanti che cominciarono a strillare e s’andarono a nascondere. Esopo disse così al mercante: “eccoti la dimostrazione di quanto ti avevo predetto! Ti sei assicurata la mia deformità, pronto intervento contro i bambini molesti! Ed egli, ridendo, rispose: “Esopo, entra nel triclinio e abbraccia i miei compagni di schiavitù!”. E gli altri schiavi si chiedevano tra loro: “Per il Sole, che gli avrà preso al padrone per aver comprato un aborto del genere? A meno che non l’abbia comprato per avere un amuleto contro l’invidia nel suo deposito”.

Modern Sources

A

Rigutini-Fanfani 1875: i gobbi, generalmente parlando, sono maligni.

 

B

DS, gobbo: un bel gobbo autentico porta fortuna, specie se uno gli si avvicina e gli si strofina alla gibbosità.

 

DSI, gobbo: una diffusa credenza sostiene che incontrare un gobbo, o toccargli la gobba, porti fortuna. Di cattivo auspicio, invece, incrociare una gobba. […] Le figure di uomini gibbosi, in metallo o altro materiale, tengono lontani la sfortuna e il malocchio. Grattando tre volte la gobba a un gibboso si avrà grande fortuna. È opinione diffusa che i gobbi siano lussuriosi e ben dotati sessualmente.

Oral Tradition

B

Ab14,22,24; Cp16-19; Mo16; Pu20; Si29

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Other Cultures

→Native Americans (House Good Fortune, Hunchback): in Mesoamerica people with hunched backs had special roles in the Aztec royal court and are frequently depicted in Olmec art. In Yoruba culture, hunchbacks, dwarfs and albinos are considered servants of the god Obatala. The idea is that those with physical deformities are touched by Obatala, who shapes the human form in the womb. Hunchbacks were thought to be able to be able to bestow money and good fortune on those with whom they come in contact. According to one Yoruba myth, Obatala used his powers to command the hunchback’s back to open and poured all sorts of precious things into it and closed it back up. A deserving man was then told to rub the hunchback’s hump and all of the treasures would be his.

→ Native Americans (WP, Kokopelli): Kokopelli is a fertility deity, usually depicted as a humpbacked flute player (often with feathers or antenna-like protrusions on his head), who is venerated by some Native American cultures in the Southwestern United States. Like most fertility deities, Kokopelli presides over both childbirth and agriculture. He is also a trickster god and represents the spirit of music. mong the Hopi, Kokopelli carries unborn children on his back and distributes them to women; for this reason, young girls often fear him. He often takes part in rituals relating to marriage, and Kokopelli himself is sometimes depicted with a consort, a woman called Kokopelmimi by the Hopi. It is said that Kokopelli can be seen on the full and waning moon, much like the “man” or the “rabbit” on the moon.”

Kokopelli also presides over the reproduction of game animals, and for this reason, he is often depicted with animal companions such as rams and deer. Other common creatures associated with him include sun-bathing animals such as snakes, or water-loving animals such as lizards and insects.

In his domain over agriculture, Kokopelli’s flute-playing chases away the winter and brings about spring. Many tribes, such as the Zuni, also associate Kokopelli with the rains. He frequently appears with Paiyatamu, another flutist, in depictions of maize-grinding ceremonies. Some tribes say he carries seeds and babies on his back. In recent years, the emasculated (i.e. non-ithyphallic) version of Kokopelli has been adopted as a broader symbol of the Southwestern United States as a whole. His image adorns countless items such as T-shirts, ball caps, key-chains, and patio decor.

Kokopelli is one of the most easily recognized figures found in the petroglyphs and pictographs of the Southwest. The earliest known petroglyph of the figure dates to about 1000 AD. The Spanish missionaries in the area convinced the Hopi craftsmen to usually omit the phallus from their representations of the figure. As with most kachinas, the Hopi Kokopelli was often represented by a human dancer. A similar humpbacked figure is found in artifacts of the Mississippian culture of the United States southeast. Between approximately 1200 to 1400 AD, water vessels were crafted in the shape of a humpbacked woman. These forms may represent a cultural heroine or founding ancestor, and may also reflect concepts related to the life-giving blessings of water and fertility.

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